The asteroids such as Vesta are relatively small but active in their own way. They too have a form of long term geologic weather. Data from NASA's Dawn mission show that a form of weathering that occurs on the moon and other airless bodies that have been visited in the inner solar system does not alter Vesta's outermost layer in the same way. Carbon-rich asteroids have also been splattering dark material on Vesta's surface over a long span of the body's history. The results are described in two papers released today in the journal Nature. Vesta's surface is covered by regolith distinct from that found on the Moon or other asteroids such as Itokawa. Regolith evolution is dominated by brecciation and subsequent mixing of bright and dark components.
The asteroids such as Vesta are relatively small but active in their own way. They too have a form of long term geologic weather. Data from NASA's Dawn mission show that a form of weathering that occurs on the moon and other airless bodies that have been visited in the inner solar system does not alter Vesta's outermost layer in the same way. Carbon-rich asteroids have also been splattering dark material on Vesta's surface over a long span of the body's history. The results are described in two papers released today in the journal Nature. Vesta's surface is covered by regolith distinct from that found on the Moon or other asteroids such as Itokawa. Regolith evolution is dominated by brecciation and subsequent mixing of bright and dark components.
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"Dawn's data allow us to decipher how Vesta records fundamental processes that have also affected Earth and other solar system bodies," said Carol Raymond, Dawn deputy principal investigator at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. "No object in our solar system is an island. Throughout solar system history, materials have exchanged and interacted."
Over time, soils on Earth's moon and asteroids such as Itokawa have undergone extensive weathering in the space environment. Scientists see this in the accumulation of tiny metallic particles containing iron, which dulls the fluffy outer layer.
Space Weathering is the general or the so-called blanket term used for the different surface processes that happens to celestial bodies when these are exposed to the different harsh and disastrous space environment. This might be from collisions or irradiation.
Dawn's visible and infrared mapping spectrometer (VIR) and framing camera detected no accumulation of such tiny metallic particles on Vesta, and this particular protoplanet, or almost-planet, remains bright and pristine.
Nevertheless, the bright rays of the youngest features on Vesta are seen to degrade rapidly and disappear into background soil. Scientists know frequent, small impacts continually mix the fluffy outer layer of broken debris. Vesta also has unusually steep topography relative to other large bodies in the inner solar system, which leads to landslides that further mix surface material.
"Getting up close and familiar with Vesta has reset our thinking about the character of the uppermost soils of airless bodies," said Carle Pieters, one of the lead authors and a Dawn team member based at Brown University, Providence, R.I. "Vesta 'dirt' is very clean, well mixed and highly mobile."
Early pictures of Vesta showed a variety of dramatic light and dark splotches on Vesta's surface. These light and dark materials were unexpected and now show the brightness range of Vesta is among the largest observed on rocky bodies in our solar system.
The initial theories regarding the dark colored patterns were: volcanic basalts which are typically black, shock-melted and darkened material melted from the surface heat caused by impacts, or it could be carbonic, primitive organic material.
An analysis of data from VIR and the framing camera has revealed, however, that the distribution of dark material is widespread and occurs both in small spots and in diffuse deposits, without correlation to any particular underlying geology. The likely source of the dark material is now shown to be the carbon-rich material in meteoroids, which are also believed to have deposited hydrated minerals from other asteroids on Vesta.
To get the amount of darkening we now see on Vesta, scientists on the Dawn team estimate about 300 dark asteroids with diameters between 0.6 to 6 miles likely hit Vesta during the last 3.5 billion years. This would have been enough to wrap Vesta in a blanket of mixed material about 3 to 7 feet thick.
"This perpetual contamination of Vesta with material native to elsewhere in the solar system is a dramatic example of an apparently common process that changes many solar system objects," said Tom McCord, the other lead author and a Dawn team member based at the Bear Fight Institute, Winthrop, Wash. "Earth likely got the ingredients for life - organics and water - this way."
For further information see Vesta.
Craters image via Wikipedia.
