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A study of the environmental conditions around fish farms reveals a surprising trend.

Picture a Northern California vineyard, rows of grapevines bathed in morning fog, workers hand-thinning vines, exposing them to sunlight, and the slow rhythm of the seasons guiding each harvest.

They have been described as the water towers of the world, and with good reason.

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are periods of unusually warm sea temperatures, recognised as one of the fastest emerging climate-related drivers of change in the ocean.

Clouds, smoke and fog may darken the skies, but sediment, algae blooms and organic matter can turn day into night on the seafloor.