New research led by scientists at UC San Diego’s Scripps Institution of Oceanography finds that the travel time of underwater sounds traveling across the Arctic Ocean can be used to precisely measure ocean temperature under the region’s sea ice, providing precious data on temperature variability in a rapidly changing environment that is remote and difficult to access.

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At the top of the planet, the cap of sea ice across Arctic waters grows and shrinks with the seasons, usually reaching its annual maximum extent in March. In 2026, this peak occurred on March 15, when the extent reached 14.29 million square kilometers, matching the lowest maximum observed since satellite monitoring began in 1979.

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